Iocano also identified some of the problems of field studies. First, the use of confessions “overestimates the accuracy of the detection devices.” An individual is much more likely to confess after failing a detection test and being judged as lying than one would be to confess after passing a lie detector and being judged as truthful.
The results show that the selected behavioral variables are valid markers of deception both in human-human and in human-robot interactions and could be exploited to effectively enable robots to detect lies. Keywords: deception, ocular behavior, humanoid robot, lie detection, random forests. 1. Introduction. The four most common ways to detect deception is via observing nonverbal behaviour, analysing speech content, measuring physiological responses, or measuring brain activity. In terms of research, physiological lie detection came first in the 1930s [ 1 ], followed by nonverbal lie detection in the 1950s [ 2 ], verbal lie detection in the 1970s mpeo. 318 825 41 675 759 979 967 253